Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week Essay

Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week - Essay Example The reliability of the matrix is on decline as a result of the poor correlation between the profitability levels of the market as well as the functionality of market levels (Hubbard, Vetter, 1998). Though the Cadbury yogurt markets are currently operating at high levels due to the their high market shares and yields much profits , but due to the fact that they operate on larger markets they are most likely to consume a lot of cash in return making the matrix to become unreliable(Medicos MBA, 2014). In the second template, it is shown that though matrix can be reliable up to a certain point, it is not fully sustained since the matrix’s are utilized in the implementation of strategic decisions. There are as well some limitations to the kind of information that the matrix group offers (Medicos, 2012). It becomes very hard to retrieve valuable information as well as data concerning the market share. This matrix is consists of four different quadrants (Medicos, 2012). In the first quadrant is about the Question Mark which shows that the matrix has low relative position in market share (David, 2005). In the other quadrant, a good example is the iPhone which is considered a great product. Though the product holds a high market position, they do not sell at high growth industry at times (McClurg, 2013). The last quadrant, ‘Dogs’, have a low market share, weak internal and external position leading to liquidation (McClurg, 2013). Hubbard, R., Vetter, D. E., & Little, E. L. (1998). Replication in strategic management: Scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3),

Birch Paper Case Essay Example for Free

Birch Paper Case Essay The division cant very well show a profit by putting in bids that dont even cover a fair share of overheadcosts,let alone give us a profit. Birch Paper Company was a medium-sized,partly integrated paper company, producing white and kraft papers and paperboard. A portion of its paperboard output was converted into corrugated boxes by the Thompson Division, which also printed and colored the outside surface of the boxes. Including Thompson,the companyhad four producingdivisions and a timberland division, which supplied part of the companyspulp requirements. For severalyears, eachdivision had beenjudged independently on the basis of its profit and return on investment. Top managementhad been working to gain effectiveresults from a policy of decentralizing responsibility and authority for all decisionsexcept those relating to overall companypolicy. The companys top officials believed that in the past few years the concept of decentralization had been applied successfullyand that the companysprofits and competitive position definitely had improved. The Northern Division had designeda special display box for one of its papers in conjunction with the ThompsonDivision, which was equippedto make the box. Thompsonsstaff for packagedesign and developmentspent several months perfecting the design, production methods,and materials to be used. Becauseof the unusual color and shape, these were far from standard. According to an agreement between the two divisions, the Thompson Division was reimbursed by the Northern Division for the cost of its design and developmentwork. When all the specificationswere prepared,the Northern Division askedfor bids on the box from the ThompsonDivision and from two outside companies. Each division manager was normally free to buy from whatever supplier he wished, and evenon saleswithin the company, divisions were expectedto meet the going market price if they wanted the business. During this period, the profit margins of such converters as the Thompson Division were being squeezed. Thompson,as did many other similar converters,bought its paperboard,and its function was to print, cut, and shapeit into boxes. Though it bought most of its materials from other Birch divisions, most of Thompsonssaleswere made to outside customers. If Thompsongot the order from Northern, it probably would buy its linerboard and corrugating medium from the Southern Division of Birch. The walls of a corrugated box This case was prepared by William Rotch under the supervision of Neil Harlan, Harvard Business School. Copyright 158-001. by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Harvard Business School case i Case6-2 Birch PaperCompany 2 consist of outside and inside sheets of linerboard sandwiching the fluted corrugating medium. About 70 percent of Thompsons out-of-pocketcostof$400 for the order representedthe cost of linerboard and corrugating medium. Though Southern had beenrunning below capacity and had excess inventory, it quoted the market price, which had not noticeably weakenedas a result of the oversupply. Its out-of-pocket costs on both liner and corrugating medium were about 60 percent of the selling price. The Northern Division receivedbids on the boxesof $480 a thousand from the ThompsonDivision, $430 a thousand from West Paper Company,and $432 a thousand from Eire Papers,Ltd. Eire Papers offered to buy from Birch the outside linerboard with the specialprinting already on it, but would supply its own inside liner and corrugating medium. The outside liner would be supplied by the Southern Division at a price equivalent of $90 a thousand boxes,and it would be printed for $30 a thousand by the Thompson Division. Of the $30, about $25 would be out-of-pocketcosts. Since this situation appearedto be a little unusual, William Kenton, manager of the Northern Division, discussedthe wide discrepancy of bids with Birchs commercialvice president. He told the vice president:We sell in a very competitivemarket, where higher costscannot be passedon. How canwe be expectedto show a decent profit and return on investment if we have to buy our supplies at more than 10 percent over the going market? Knowing that Mr. Brunner on occasionin the past few months had beenunable to operate the Thompson Division at capacity,it seemedodd to the vice president that Mr. Brunner would add the full 20 percent overheadand profit chargeto his out-of-pocketcosts. When he was asked about this, Mr. Brunners answer was the statement that appears at the beginning of the case. He went on to say that having donethe developmentalwork on the box, and having receivedno profit on that, he felt entitled to a goodmarkup on the production of the box itself. The vice president explored further the cost structures of the various divisions. He remembereda comment that the controller had made at a meeting the week before to the effect that costs which were variable for one division could be largely fIXedfor the companyas a whole. He knew that in the absence of specific orders from top management Mr. Kenton would acceptthe lowest bid, which was that of the West Paper Companyfor $430. However,it would be possiblefor top managementto order the acceptance another bid if the situof ation warranted such action. And though the volume representedby the transactionsin questionwas less than 5 percent of the volume of any of the divisions involved, other transactions would conceivablyraise similar problemslater. Questions 1. Which bid should Northern Division acceptthat is in the best interests of Birch Paper Company? 2. Should Mr. Kenton acceptthis bid? Why or why not? 3. Should the vice president of Birch Paper Companytake any action? 4. In the controversydescribed,how,if at all, is the transfer price system dysfunctional? Doesthis problem call for somechange,or changes, the transin fer pricing policy of the overall firm? If so, what specific changesdo you suggest?

Carbon Reduction Treaties and the World Trade Organization

Carbon Reduction Treaties and the World Trade Organization Trade and Climate Change: Proposal for Reconciling the WTO with Carbon-Reduction Treaties Executive Summary The relationship between climate change and the rules controlling the international players is an area that has elicited a lot of debate. Some of the trade agreements undermine the ability of governments to implement climate policies in their own countries. The fight for climate change is a battle for the policy makers in trade since if the conditions are not conducive for trade to happen; their profits will dwindle. Developing countries will have to suffer an extra cost on their exports if the playing field is not level with the international partners. All players in the provision of goods and services should price carbon emission costs correctly to ensure market efficiency. The policy and regulatory changes needed should affect both trade and climate change. This should be a global initiative and not just the leading partners. The effort and implement of proper policies by one party will not be sufficient, as their action will be watered down by the activities by the others. This p aper looks at the effects climate change has had on business at the local and international level. It also looks at ways in which the World Trade Organization rules and regulations conflict with International conventions on climate change, especially carbon emission reduction. Finally, I attempt to make proposals on how this problem of climate change could be resolved without necessarily causing an imbalance in the markets. Trade and Climate Change: Proposal for Reconciling the WTO with Carbon-Reduction Treaties Introduction Free trade could improve the welfare of many countries. This is rarely achievable though since countries have varying economic powers. They get into trade agreements with neighbors and have a sort of exchange of resources. These relationships are usually a give and take with the politics playing a major role. The inter-relation between climate change and international trade has gravely impacted developing countries. Much emphasis has not been given to provide a solution to a combined effort to reduce the effects of global warming caused by human intervention. Our actions now have far-reaching consequences and will affect generations to come.   In the quest to meet the needs of our respective countries, we are depleting the natural resources and poisoning the environment. This paper will attempt to highlight the potential areas of conflict between various economic interests and the interventions proposed by the trade partners and advocacy groups such as Wort Trade Organizations (WTO). Background The world stands at a crucial juncture with respect to global economic policy development. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been formulated through global governance to bring forth a new perception of the issue of climate change to protect the earth’s economy, the human race and the environment (Edouard & Bernstein, 2016). Carbon-Reduction Treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change together with the SDGs are examples of currents ways through which world leaders have come together for the sake of saving the world economy by agreeing to join forces and tackle carbon emissions with one voice. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a body of International partners who have come together to engage on matters concerning the world’s climate. It started as a call to countries to limit global temperatures and control climate changes and working towards the impact of already existing effects of climate change (Park, 2016). The Paris Climate Agreement is an accord within the (UNFCCC) was adopted in December 2015. This Agreement deals with greenhouse gas emission mitigation, adoption and finance commencing 2020.   The agreement was negotiated by 196 parties and signed by 195 members. The Paris Agreement reached an agreement in 2015 where the signatories concurred to restrict global warming ‘well below 2 °C and to pursue further reduction of these temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius (Raes, Liao, Chen & Seinfeld, 2010). Each country is expected to formulate policies and implement them the best way they see fit and finally report to the UNFCCC on their contribution towards mitigation of global warming. They agreed not to set any enforcement mechanisms of this agreement, but they would at the minimum be expected to go beyond earlier set targets. This stance was adopted after it was found impossible to ensure compliance under the Kyoto Protocol (Gupta, 2014). The concerns about this Agreement are that the current pledges by countries are not going to meet the required quota to meet the global target. Countries are not yet effecting policies to ensure carbon dioxide reduction emissions. The lack of an enforcement mechanism means nothing can be done to anyone who fails to implement policies of engage in activities that are geared towards environmental protection. The agreement was just a promise by the heads of state with no legal binding effect. No sanctions such as carbon tax can be imposed on one for failure of compliance (Park, 2016). Private investors are to take up the role of meeting the Sustainable Development Goal No.13 on ensuring action concerning climate change and its impact (Goal 13 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, 2017). This involves low carbon ventures and clean technology. The government’s role in this instance would be limited, and hopefully, the conditions in the business environments in the countries would be conducive. The existing trade agreements are of two kinds: Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) and Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA). The RTAs are reciprocal agreements between partners. They include customs unions, free trade agreements, etc. PTAs are unilateral preferences that mean the developed countries are given preferential tariffs on their imports from the LCDs and other non-reciprocal preferential systems. The most significant area of conflict between the rules in these trade agreements and climate change is the status of border tax adjustment within WTO’s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). At the moment there is no carbon pricing to enable meeting of the objectives of climate change under UNFCCC principles (Park, 2016). Strategies to combat climate change suggested by partners are many and varied such as: (1) imposing carbon tax or border tax adjustment. These tax caps are to offset any adverse effects of capping carbon dioxide releases into countries that are not executing the Kyoto protocol. (2) Increased reliance on renewable energies thereby reducing pollution and emission of gases into the atmosphere; and offering inducements for energy efficiency and preservation; (3) lowered subsidies for fossil fuels; and (4) transnational transmissions, so developing countries shun burning coal (Park, 2016). Effects of Climate Change on Business Rapid climate adjustment threatens the global economy not so much for the current generation but for future generations. Under the earlier discussed treaties, countries are expected to meet their targets through national intervention. Their efforts are monitored and recorded in the International Transaction Log by the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Secretariat to ensure compliance with the protocol. The Kyoto Protocol presented 3 market-based instruments to realize the targets by members (Mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol). These instruments would motivate sustainable growth through skill transfer and investment; remove carbon in an affordable manner and inspire the privately owned businesses and unindustrialized nations to support the decline struggle. These mechanisms included Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); Joint Implementation (JI), and Emissions Trading (ET) (Goal 13 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, 2017). A recent study by James Hansen and other co-authors indicated that the glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica could be melting faster than had earlier been predicted. This would mean that within 50 years, the sea levels would rise by 10–20 feet (2015). This means that coastal cities and countries such as New York, Haiti, etc. would suffer tremendously. This is just a simple example of what climate change can do to a country. This is the reason why in 2015, the Conference of Parties (COP21) met in France to discuss International Trade in the face of climate change. The expectation was that these partners would nurture development, create businesses and improvement progress. Developing countries that still rely on the natural habitat for their existence are being affected by global warming, therefore, perpetuating more poverty. This leaves them impoverished since they will not produce any resources to engage in trade.   For example, in Africa, tourism is the main source of income for the countries with tourists visiting from all over the world to see wild animals in their natural habitat. Due to the effects of climate change, there are wildfires and drought that ravage them killing the animals discouraging sightseers. The down at the African Coast of Indian Ocean, the fish stock has gone down due to overfishing and the fact that the sea temperatures have increased, it is no longer possible to support the once attractive marine life (Reiter, 2015). Most of the African nations rely on agriculture for cash crops. This is slowly changing, as there has been a massive loss of biodiversity experienced. Not only will these countries find it difficult to feed their people, they will have nothing to trade with in exchange for the good and services they lack. For instance, the Tanzanian coast which is a central port for trade within the East African community is expected to rise by 70 centimeters by 2070. This would mean the government revenue will be affected and so will service delivery to the people. Reconciling the WTO with Carbon-Reduction Treaties In 2010, parties to the Multilateral Conventions (WTO, UNFCCC) were unable to reach consensus on reduction of emissions of heat-trapping gases at the Copenhagen climate conference and at the WTO Doha Round in 2001 since they involved complex issues. The issue of cross-linking concessions did not make the discussion easier. There are those scholars who believe that climate change is brought about by countries failing to observe the environmental cost of production, therefore, the society bears the brunt of these actions. There exists monopolies appear as a result of the absence of intervention or if they do not provide a conducive business environment. At the international level, however, market failure leads to a dysfunctioning world economy. As a result of the failure of the Doha and Copenhagen meetings, the U.S and the European Union blamed China and India whom they say are the main emitters of CO2 for failing to commit to the reduction of the emissions under UNFCC (Hermwille, 2018). 3 Policy proposals were fronted as follows: BTAFU: BorderTax Adjustment based on Foreign Unrestricted Carbon Content BTADU: Border Tax Adjustment based on Domestic Unrestricted Carbon Content BTADE: Scenario Efficient Border Tax Adjustment A tax on Carbon would guarantee efficacy between producers from countries with high carbon taxes when compared to with no carbon dioxide emission (Hermwille, 2018). Other trade policy options would include the use of domestic and export subsidies to give national companies an upper hand over international companies. Subsidizing could lead to obligations and subsequently protracted proceedings through the WTO disagreement settlement procedures. If the governments then agree on rights and duties, countries with CO2 reduction policies and existing trade measures may be tempted to reaction as a result of imagined unfair price advantage from countries with policies on carbon reduction (Hermwille, 2018). There exist general exceptions provisions within WTO rules and agreement, which would ordinarily be considered inconsistent with mainstream obligations, which allow trade restrictions of trade to protect, e.g., animals, plants or health to safeguard finite natural resources. These processes can be implemented in a general manner avoiding tedious litigation (Hermwille, 2018). The parties could use the Trade-Related Investment Measures Agreement (TRIMS) as a discussed and resuscitated idea. There was a list of export limitations, trade balancing requirements and home-grown/ local content requirement. TRIMS were a handy trade agreements permitting under developed countries to safeguard their industries. It could be used to now protect industries which committed to reduction of CO2 and dubbed Green Trims ++ (Hermwille, 2018). TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) have exceptions which could be used to help the least developed countries to advance. Technology from developed countries that aid in carbon reduction could be acquired through the â€Å"compulsory licensing† clause making it easier for these countries (LDCs). TRIPS could be widened to include TRIPS++ (Hermwille, 2018). The other solution would be by using the Plurilateral agreements to combine three different sectors as follows:   a) energy (goods and services), b) environment (goods and services) and c) trade (Preferential Trade Agreements) and development (Aid-for-Trade, Enhanced Integrated Framework, TRTAs). This would enable the countries to align their trade and development interests to a green objective (Hermwille, 2018). The WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement) may be applied to combat the excessive fossil fuel subsidies. This Agreement has general restrictions have previously not been effective in limiting fossil fuel subsidies since it has been seen as an expensive endeavor (Hermwille, 2018). Plausible Solutions to Climate Changes at National and International levels To end these problems, there has to be a concerted effort, especially by all actors both in developed and developing countries. Trade alterations, trade inducements or subsidizations that encourage wasteful and unsanctionable trade and industry activities must cease to exist. The predisposition to create new hurdles touching on renewables, comprising biofuels, needs to be addressed at the local and international level. Have strict requirements concerning the burden of trade measures, which tend to work against sustainable development goals. Doing away with fossil fuel subsidies such as tax breaks, loans, cheap land, etc. that encourages big corporations to deplete the non-renewable energy sources as opposed to investing in alternative energy sources.   Carbon emissions have increasingly gotten out of hand with the fossil fuels burning such as gas, oil or coal. Carbon dioxide is released into the air when these fuels are being produced. It should thereafter be re-absorbed by plants and animals, but it is too much in the atmosphere making the global temperatures rise. This is global warming. These players need to be incentivized to reduce carbon emissions. Trade and investments are important in making a difference in markets and spreading them. If the players could be allowed to engage in an open trading system, with agreed rules, the producers of fossil energy would increase on efficacy and reduce wastage. As shown in the below, low carbon investment may possibly be attained at domestic echelons through state intervention, industry players, civil societies, private sector etc. (International governance options to strengthen WTO and UNFCCC1, 2011) Source: (Saner, 2011) At the international level, International production organizations should go green. This should be felt at all levels of production and putting in place a verifiable process to ensure strict compliance of the final outcome or process. Multilateral agreements and covenants such as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) have attempted to achieve this but with little success. Financial markets both local and international could be rewarded for investing in climate adaptation and mitigation. They could be compelled to have an environmental and social governance performance report. This will push them to perform in a more responsible way. Tariffs on environmental technologies should be abolished to encourage innovation of environmentally friendly technologies accessible to many. Wind turbines, solar panels are some of the examples that come to mind that would help developing countries. The Montreal protocol is viewed as one of the most successful multilateral environmental agreements ever. It has received funding from UNDP, UNEP, and the World Bank and spent this money through environmental conservation programs. The Clean Technology Fund is guided by UNFCC principles and finances clean technology transfers, which was to be used for financing technology transfers. These are all good actions by the World Bank, but this has not stopped them from also funding carbon-demanding projects in line with their normal procedures. These funds are in the form of loans so they will eventually have to be paid off at a steep cost especially to the developing countries. This cannot, therefore, be said to be a self-actualization of the Kyoto commitments. Conclusion To reconcile trade rules and climate policies would require the effort of all global partners including the Least Developed Countries. Governments must take it upon themselves to implement the proposals stated herein and other dictates in the WTO agreements. Bearing in mind that WTO is no longer an efficient negotiating partner, countries should engage in regional, bilateral or Plurilateral agreements that support their policies on climate change but at the same time do not stifle international change. A balance can be found where positive climate provisions could find their way in trade policies and vice versa. References Edouard, L., & Bernstein, S. (2016). Challenges for Measuring Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.  African Journal Of Reproductive Health,  20(3), 45-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i3.9 Goal 13 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. (2017).  Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. Retrieved 22 April 2018, from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg13 Gupta, A. (2014). Clean development mechanism of Kyoto Protocol.  International Journal Of Climate Change Strategies And Management,  6(2), 116-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-09-2012-0051 Hermwille, L. (2018). Making initiatives resonate: how can non-state initiatives advance national contributions under the UNFCCC?.  International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law And Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-018-9398-9 Park, D. (2016).  Legal issues on climate change and international trade law. Springer. Raes, F., Liao, H., Chen, W., & Seinfeld, J. (2010). Atmospheric chemistry-climate feedbacks.  Journal Of Geophysical Research,  115(D12). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009jd013300 Reiter, J. (2015).  What does climate change mean for the future of trade?.  World Economic Forum. Retrieved 22 April 2018, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/what-does-climate-change-mean-for-the-future-of-trade/ Saner, R. (2011).  International governance options to strengthen WTO and UNFCCC. Retrieved from http://www.diplomacydialogue.org/images/files/20110611-International%20governance%20options%20to%20strengthen%20WTO%20and%20UNFCCC.pdf

George Orwells 1984 Essay -- George Orwell 1984 Essays

George Orwell's 1984 There is, in every person, a secret part of one's self that is kept completely secret. Most often than not, it is a place of solitude, where no one else is admitted entry. Logic does not rule here; pure instinct, the drive for survival, is what reigns supreme in this realm. However, there are those chosen few who are allowed in, and it is they who are most dangerous; they alone know how to best maul, injure, and in the end, betray. Orwell created such a relationship in 1984 between Winston and Julia. Though the idea is never directly stated, the likelihood that Julia is a member of the Thought-Police grows increasingly more evident and obvious as the story progresses through her words, actions, and in the end, her betrayal of Winston. When Winston and Julia run off to their little grove of ash saplings, Julia makes a few statements that are startlingly suspicious to a quick and clever mind. When Winston explains that he first supposed her to be a member of the Thought Police, she laughs giddily, and asks, ?And you thought that if I had a quarter of a chance I?d denounce you as a thought-criminal and get you killed off (101) Such a comment Stated so bluntly and forceful, it seems as though only the truth could be announced in this manner. The natural instinct of humans is to soften the blow, to make the truth easier to bear, not pointing out the worst case scenario and leaving no room hope, yet this is exactly what Julia does. The fact that she does so laughingly merely is cover, so that Winston cannot suspect the truth of her identity, and it works. The next comment she makes that sheds a sliver of light into her shadowy character comes after Winston?s inquiry of her choosi... ...r girl gave him the impression of being more dangerous than most.? Such is the truth behind the mask of lies and deceit that Julia has worn until now. Her words, actions, and betrayal of Winston made it possible for Big Brother to actually survive, made it possible for Winston to be broken and destroyed. They made it possible for Julia to trick Winston into believing there was hope, believing they still had a chance for a free democracy?a false hope. Had Winston stuck with his first impression of Julia, his gut reaction of fear and hatred, he might have survived. After all, that?s what instincts are for?procuring the best means for survival. Instinct could have saved him, at least for the time being. But he didn?t heed its urgent warning, and with that choice, his fate was sealed. Works Cited: Orwell, George. 1984. London: Secker and Warburg, 1949.

Nazi Propaganda

This statement can be true on one hand due to various factors during the early years of the nazi propaganda regime. There are many things which could be said about the nazi propaganda and the methods which were used. Nazi propaganda provided a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of their policies, including the pursuit of total war and the extermination of millions of people in the Holocaust. German propaganda was extremely important to the course of World War II. By taking control of the media and only printing or broadcasting Nazi material, the Reich was able to effectively flood Germany with its propaganda. There were many different themes of Nazi propaganda during the early regime, one being Volksgemeinschaft which was the idea of a perfect family. This theme of propaganda was to try and persuade the German families that each family should be perfect with a working mother, four children and a family house. This was probably one of the most persuasive of the German themes of Nazi propaganda as it was ideal for the German nation to have perfect lives in which will help each family grow to be a part of the process of rebuilding Germany, it called upon each German to show unity throughout the country. Also a major theme of which Nazi propaganda was portrayed was eugenics. This came under heavy criticism due to the fact that it was against the Catholic Church which at the time was the biggest religion spread over the world. Historian, Welch, has argued the point that he believes Nazi propaganda was more successful in putting Hitler over with the German people rather than putting the Nazi policies over. This is a case of the ‘Hitler Myth' which is what many people believe to be that Hitler was promoted as a saviour to the German nation after all of the disasters of WW1 and the Treaty of Versailles. Things such as the poster on Germans buying only German goods within the country, it also says German Week/German Goods/German Labor, which is a propaganda method to get across the point that the German's work for the goods each week and therefore they should buy their own goods as a sign of respect towards the country. It also has a short and catchy slogan which would cause a knockon effect throughout Germany. This Nazi propaganda poster was published during the 1930's and was a great part of Nazi propaganda as the majority of Germans took notice of the slogan and what the poster was trying to get across to the German public. Another poster which was published within the 1930's was a poster which was against handicapped German citizens as the Nazi's felt that handicapped people were a waste of German goods and a waste in the community. The poster reads ‘This genetically ill person will cost our peoples community 60,000 marks over his lifetime. Citizens, that i your money. ‘ The point that this message is trying to get across to the German society was that handicaps could not pay back enough sufficient effort to the German nation and were wasting marks. This poster was quite successful as it proved to be another Nazi propaganda method which would make the German people begin to realise that Nazi's were trying to create a better life for the men and women who could work for the country and support the Nazi reign. However as the years progressed and the Nazi propaganda methods began to slow down during the war, it became clear to alot of Germans that the Nazi propaganda was just infact lies and methods of making them believe that everything about the Nazi Party was for the greater good of the German nation. It became apparent to the Germans that the Nazi propaganda wasn't actually putting across the Nazi policies very well to the Germans, more putting Hitler's views across and that Hitler should be supported in whatever he views to be the right way forward for the German people. During 1941, a novel named ‘Germany Must Perish! ‘, written and self-published by Theodore N. Kaufman was released. The Nazi's used this book in a piece of propaganda to allege that the Jews were plotting against Germany. The Nazi's reacted to the book by calling it an ‘orgy of Jewish hatred' and then accused Roosevelt of having inspired the book. A controversial point of the book's effect was on September 8 1941 when the Jews of Hanover were forced from their homes. However the book was claimed not to have had a real impact for propaganda on Nazi genocide policies and was ignored by many Germans.

An Overview of Classical Indian Music essays

An Overview of Classical Indian Music essays Ustad Nishat Khan comes from a very musical family that plays an important role in Indian classical music. His father, Ustad Imrat Khan, was the innovator of the family. He passed the musical knowledge down through his four sons. Ustad Imrad Khan is a master of the surbahar. A surbahar is a deep-toned, sitar-like stringed instrument that was developed by his great-grandfather, Ustad Sahabdad Khan. It has a four-octave range and plays an extremely large role in Indian classical music. Imrat was taught at an early age before his father died then guided his four sons into the style of Indian classical music. Nishat Khan took up the sitar while his brothers played Indian classical music is an unbroken tradition that has been around for centuries. Indian classical music has evolved into two definite branches. One is the North Indian called Hindustani and the South Indian called Carnatic. Hindustani tradition is found in Kashmir, Punjab, and Bengal. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, the tradition has weakened in the last half a century in those countries. Carnatic is primarily found in the four southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hindustani and Carantic are very similar to each other in terms of form and specific sections such as for improvisation, or a compositional section. Slight terms are different in Carantic music but the overall outline is basically the same. Some important terms used in the music are Raga. This is a melodic structure which is used to build a mood. Each raga has its own feeling and distinct mood to itself. Through meditation, the performer would visualize the personality of the raga, allowin g them to perform it with more success. Tala is another important term which refers to rhythmic cycles. These cycles range from 3 to 108 beats. Talas which share the same number of beats may have stressed on different beats. For example, a bar of 10 could be divided into 3-4-3. This allows for the p...

s Body Image

The Media’s Effect on Women’s Body Image Perhaps no time in history have body image standards had such an enormous impact on society. With today’s mass media people can be subjected to thousands of images and messages daily, portrayed by the â€Å"ideal† body image. The people most often portrayed and effected by these messages are young women. People conducted a poll that confirmed women are three times as likely to have negative thoughts about their bodies and men are, and the younger they are, the more unhappy they are (Levitt and Schneider 2). Females can feel constant pressure to live up to these ideals which are most often unattainable. Body image can be defined as an individual’s subjective concept of his or her physical appearance. Body image involves both a perceptual and attitudinal element. The self-perceptual component consists of what an individual sees or thinks in body shape, size, and appearance. The attitudinal component reflects how we feel about those attributes and how the f eelings motivate certain behavior with body appearance. The impact body image standards is having on women is immeasurable. Women will put their bodies through horrible things in order to look thin, self-induced starvation (anorexia) or a cycle of binging and purging (bulimia). Not to mention the money they spend, women are spending billions of dollars a year on â€Å"miracle† beauty products, dieting products, and cosmetic surgery. In this paper, I will expound upon the effects media is having on the young women of today. In Levitt and Schneider’s article â€Å"Mission Impossible,† they explore young women’s feelings on their own body images and what impacted them to feel that way. Thomas Cash, a professor of psychology says, â€Å"There is a tremendous stigma in our society about being fat, kids aspire to be thin, but just any kind of thin is not sufficientnow it has to be thin and toned. If people compare themsel... 's Body Image Free Essays on The Media\'s Effect On Women\'s Body Image The Media’s Effect on Women’s Body Image Perhaps no time in history have body image standards had such an enormous impact on society. With today’s mass media people can be subjected to thousands of images and messages daily, portrayed by the â€Å"ideal† body image. The people most often portrayed and effected by these messages are young women. People conducted a poll that confirmed women are three times as likely to have negative thoughts about their bodies and men are, and the younger they are, the more unhappy they are (Levitt and Schneider 2). Females can feel constant pressure to live up to these ideals which are most often unattainable. Body image can be defined as an individual’s subjective concept of his or her physical appearance. Body image involves both a perceptual and attitudinal element. The self-perceptual component consists of what an individual sees or thinks in body shape, size, and appearance. The attitudinal component reflects how we feel about those attributes and how the f eelings motivate certain behavior with body appearance. The impact body image standards is having on women is immeasurable. Women will put their bodies through horrible things in order to look thin, self-induced starvation (anorexia) or a cycle of binging and purging (bulimia). Not to mention the money they spend, women are spending billions of dollars a year on â€Å"miracle† beauty products, dieting products, and cosmetic surgery. In this paper, I will expound upon the effects media is having on the young women of today. In Levitt and Schneider’s article â€Å"Mission Impossible,† they explore young women’s feelings on their own body images and what impacted them to feel that way. Thomas Cash, a professor of psychology says, â€Å"There is a tremendous stigma in our society about being fat, kids aspire to be thin, but just any kind of thin is not sufficientnow it has to be thin and toned. If people compare themsel...

Shut Up Essay

Shut Up Essay Shut Up Essay Justin Bieber Professor Lioi PHI2600 Ethics. 29 August 2013 Major Influence In My Life My mother has been the major influence in my life. My mother has taught me to have a positive attitude, keep an outstanding behavior, and to stay disciplined. My mother took me to church every Sunday so I could learn about god so I could respect his laws without breaking them. She taught me to love and respect the almighty god. She made me go to church every Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday, and encouraged me to go to bible study and choir. My mother was a single mother that worked two full time jobs so she could only take me to church when her schedule was not full. While going to church 3 days a week, this laid faith in my heart for god and respect. I am thankful that my mom made me go to church. My mother influenced me to become what I am today and some of those characteristics are perseverance, and her sensibility. She taught me to keep loving through the good and the bad. She is also incredible at getting things done. It does not matter of the situation; my mother always comes thro ugh with what needs to be done. My mother would do anything for anybody if they needed the help. When someone asks for something, she is always the first one there before anyone else. I will never understand why my mother’s heart was so big, but I hope to grow up to be just like her. My mother is the best friend that I have ever had. She gives me the best advice to make my life better. My mother always tell me to stop getting frustrated over the smallest things, to be more giving and humble, and to strive for success in school, if there is anyone who knows my insecurities, flaws, and the things that make me mad, it is my mother. She knows when I am happy or sad. She knows exactly how to change my mood from bad to good and honestly, I do not know how she does it. To me, my mother is perfect just the way she is. The characteristic of my mother is none of what other mothers have. Sometimes I feel like my mother is a role model to me because of the things she has done. The persev erance that my mother told me; taught me to never give up on anything I want to go for. She told me if I never give up then I would become a successful person in life. My mother’s dream in life was to be successful and to never give up no matter how hard she tried. When my mother taught me these things, I said to myself that I would not give up in life even if something did not work for me. The last thing my mother had was a sense of responsibility. My mother would cook, clean, and drive us to school, which was being a house wife. Even though my mother was a single parent, she never failed once while taking care of us. My mother was the person who helped the community to make it a better place. My mother influenced me in becoming a responsible young man and I am truly happy I learned from her. My mom was not just a hard working young woman. She is a woman with respect and integrity. She raised and taught me to be just like her or better. The one thing

Competition Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Competition Law - Assignment Example It may be a gadget, technology or pill that would be a panacea to aches and pains. Another strategy is to take over existing business entities or corporate organizations that already possess the technology or business process by way of undertaking1, agreement2 or concentration3, either through merger or acquisition4. It may be undertaken to save a fledgling business or employed by business entities of equal capital assets to further strengthen its holdings and enhance its market viability or simply because it is cheaper to buy the rival company than to compete with it in the open market. One particular study that will be tackled in this paper is the cross-licensing, bundling or tying strategy that increases the role if not the dominance of a commercial organization. Thus this strategy warrants the close scrutiny of the European Commission to protect the interest of the European Market. The European Union advocates not only single market5 but open and free enterprise as well. Business entities or corporations have the discretion or liberty to acquire or join forces with other entities by virtue of agreements, undertaking or concentration but this right is not absolute. It is subject to certain conditions such that it must not prevent, restrict and distort competition6 and more importantly, it should not create, strengthen or abuse dominant position7. The primary objective of competition is to serve the general welfare of the consumers however the growing number of agreements, undertakings, mergers and/or acquisitions had the opposite effect since the main concern of businesses or corporations are increased profits and its bottom-line as well as to protect proprietary rights. The consumers were not protected from corporate greed and adventurism since there were no clear cut policies, standards or measures to regulate or control agreements, undertakings, mergers or acquisitions including collusive or abuse of dominant position by invoking exclusive rights over pat ents or intellectual properties. However, the enactment of Treaty of the Functioning European Union8 and its predecessor, the Treaty Establishing the European Union9 conferred upon competition authorities the jurisdiction not only to scrutinize undertakings within the EU but to ensure competition in the European market is not distorted. It is likewise authorized to determine the economic viability and practicability of the undertakings. It is also within the purview of the competition authorities to conduct due diligence to assess if the intellectual property rights over a product or information technology would significantly impede effective competition and strengthens or abuses dominance. It is empowered to conduct an inquiry to assess whether competition is still functioning effectively and the same is beneficial to the public in general. The TFEU was further supplemented by other regulatory measures such as Merger Control10, Individual11 and Block12 Exemptions and other Regulati ons which target specific industries or sectors. The task of this paper is to determine based on

Law business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Law business organisation - Essay Example ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2   Ã‚   The section 33 (a) of Insolvency Act 1986 state s that a liquidator is appointed, probably by court, to handle some issues concerning the company. These issues include but are not restricted to: (i) settling all past financial obligations (contracts and debts) the company has incurred before the liquidation; (ii) holding regular meetings with the creditors with the hope of providing them the latest information about the company’s progress; (iii) and, continuing the company’s business activities (s. 134 (5)).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The liquidator is not expected to be concerned with any financial obligation or contract any of the three plumbers, namely Charlie, Edwin, and Adam may have had before the company was formed on May 1. In other words, Plumbers Mate Ltd should not bother the liquidator to pay for the services offered to Adam before the company was established. This realization absolves the liquidator of any financial payment to Plumbers Mate Ltd, and Adam should be duly informed to pay up his debt with the Plumbers Mate Ltd.   Although, it is not indicated in the scenario that the service bought by Adam was later reverted to Plumbers Express Ltd—the new   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is no record in the scenario that Plumber Express Ltd borrowed money directly from any bank or financial institution, but the donation of a building worth 200,000 pound by Charlie and Edwin buying a computer and printer from Computer Galore Ltd could be debited against the company. Hence, the liquidator should see

The Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Family Business - Essay Example However, growing up, my legs seemed to straighten out while my hair finally flattened out. However, this only preceded my puberty struggles with acne and braces. This period also marked a growing bond between my father and me as he taught me the power of words and how to use words to break barriers. It also marked my increased appreciation of family. My father was especially fond of what he liked to refer to as â€Å"a family night†, which was a monthly ritual where, as family members, we came together for various activities. It involved family councils that involved everyone speaking out their mind, and we believed that all we did and said really mattered and would result in actions. This would be followed by the board or card games that my father would use to incorporate moral lessons and the value of family. This would give way to song and inspired dance, which was interspersed with stories from my elder brother who was quite the master storyteller. Ice cream, of course, wa s never far off, and it was probably the only way to keep my younger sister interested. As the fifth child and second son in a family of eight children, these family nights were quite the event; rarely did any pass without some form of event. These varied from straight out fights, hair pulling, and a number of fistfights between my older brother and me. One evening, my mother insisted that we all sat down and watched Sound of Music, which I found quite long. In the end, she asked us if we had seen any similarities between the Vontrap family and our family. Seething from an earlier altercation with my brother, I replied that the eldest son did not seem to have a girlfriend. This resulted in a fight that my family enjoyed greatly except, of course, for my mother who was horrified. While everyone else seemed to have positive things to say about the movie, I had only seen a nun and children. It is only years later that I realized why my mother had insisted that we watch the movie, as we ll as the lesson she was trying to teach us. Growing up, my mother had to work long hours usually left us in the care of our elder siblings. This normally resulted in numerous fights, which ended up hurting my mother very much. She had wanted us to see that siblings should stick together through thick and thin and that we were all expected to get along. In addition, our father was home most of the time as he worked from home and we had given him a lot of problems growing up. He never complained, however, and was always smiling. In fact, he had wrinkles at the corners of his eyes from his smiling. The movie took a sympathetic view of a father left, with many children, to look after; I fail to remember how many children the Captain had. Thinking back, I wish I had given my father the peace he so craved, but being me, I always pestered him and never gave him a chance to rest. One July morning, when the dew was still nestling on the garden leaves, my father took me out into the woods an d sat me on a dead log. Slowly, he pulled out a cotton handkerchief from his pocket and unfolded it.

Classical Realism and Neo- Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical Realism and Neo- Realism - Essay Example Realism is basically a dimension to look at the relations between different states being insecure and constantly gaining power. In other words, it could be said that under the study of realism, states remain in state of war to exercise their power to get more privilege than other states of the world. As studied by Hans Morgenthau, all states seek power that makes them to remain in a state craft. It is the strength of realism in explaining the war that it defines the phenomenon of politics in a sole larger aspect of international system. Realism posits that it is mainly because there is no supreme authority above the states that would allow rules and policies for them to follow to restrain international relations with other states. It is because of the insecurity among states that leads to war. Realism falls short in explaining the causes of war in terms of international system being categorized in different polarity. This weakness has been addressed in theories which were coined late r. On the other hand, neo-realism refers to the causes of war being as the result of polarity of international system. This states that international systems being categorized in bipolar and multi-polar systems have different degree of probability for being at war. Under this position, multi-polar international system which is basically formed with the inclusion of more than two countries is safer and less likely to result in a war. This is merely because the bipolar international system including two states.

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 310-DB4 Replies - Essay Example Further, you point out that mentors help adolescents perform certain tasks and as such, give them the direction they should adopt in life. While I do not disagree entirely with this argument, mentors play bigger roles in influencing the careers that the adolescents take. Some of the parents hire mentors to help their children perform certain tasks such as cooking and washing, among others. However, other mentors seek to influence positively the life of adolescents by providing them with information and knowledge on career choices, issues affecting them and how to overcome such challenges. Adolescents thus find it easy to confine in these individuals rather than other people. In your argument, you point out the various roles played by mentors in the society. According to your argument, â€Å"mentoring is a way to prevent delinquency.† While this is true, I seek to differ in that not only do mentorship reduce delinquency, but also play a big role in developing responsible adults in the society. It is inadequate classifying mentorship as only trying to prevent delinquency. Although adolescents face a myriad of issues, the reality is that some of them find ways of overcoming these challenges, and as such, are not victims of delinquency. Nevertheless, these require mentorship on how to mentor their peers and help them adopt safe lifestyles. Expecting for this, I agree with the argument that mentors have responsibilities. All mentors should be role models for the children in whichever capacity they serve. Subsequently, they should assume work that perfectly corresponds with their credentials. While some could be relatively educated and have relative jo bs, they could demonstrate the advantages of humbleness and the need for having plans in

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession Literature review

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession - Literature review Example The secondary data sources have been used to study the previous studies and the empirical literature on the incompetency of the auditors and the adverse consequences faced the public due to their irresponsible activities. The literature review then assesses the justification of the expenses incurred for the purpose of auditing and the value that has been added as a result of auditing activities. The questions asked on the relevance of auditing function, mainstream and the alternative viewpoints on the topic have been reviewed. The recommendations on the ways of adding relevance to the auditing profession have also been included in this study. Historical background The auditors and their functions of auditing have never in such a limelight as ever before. The occurrence of the global financial crisis has raised concerns in the US, UK, Belgium, Singapore and in many other countries of the effectiveness of the auditing profession in the industry. The economic debacle exposed the ineffic iencies in the auditing practices conducted by the auditors. The US Senate, parliaments in different countries of Europe have started to relook into exploring a new model for auditing practices as its was felt that the auditors and their profession of auditing has lost its relevance in streamlining the business records, identifying the gaps and loophole and help the business to keep fair and transparent financial records for public disclosure. Several companies in the past have been involved in the financial scams where there balance sheets and financial statements have been inflated and thereby misled the investors about the true financial status of the companies. For example, Enron has been earmarked as the biggest audit failure in the history when they showed poor standards in auditing of financial statements mainly due to the mal intentions of their board of directors that led to the incorrect disclosure of financial statements to its shareholders. The eventual fall of performan ce of Enron brought out the truth and finally Enron Corporation went bankrupt. The impacts of failure of auditing were hugely felt during the global financial crisis. The accountability for lack of transparency in the financial statements was affixed to the auditors (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011, p.525). Hence, the costs incurred and the time and energy spent in the profession of auditing were felt as unnecessary burdens with the advent of control technologies and automated systems to streamline the financial records and information. Methodologies The methodologies adopted for carrying out the activities of auditing is important in establishing the relevance and effectiveness of the auditors. The auditors are the final check points of the financial information to be disclosed to the public after their certification. Thus the methodology adopted by them for evaluating the values of the assets and liabilities of the company in judging the correctness of the financial infor mation is very important. The auditors follow the method of going concern in assessing the value of the assets and liabilities of the companies. This raises the complications in the activities of the auditing profession. The method of going

Classical Realism and Neo- Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classical Realism and Neo- Realism - Essay Example Realism is basically a dimension to look at the relations between different states being insecure and constantly gaining power. In other words, it could be said that under the study of realism, states remain in state of war to exercise their power to get more privilege than other states of the world. As studied by Hans Morgenthau, all states seek power that makes them to remain in a state craft. It is the strength of realism in explaining the war that it defines the phenomenon of politics in a sole larger aspect of international system. Realism posits that it is mainly because there is no supreme authority above the states that would allow rules and policies for them to follow to restrain international relations with other states. It is because of the insecurity among states that leads to war. Realism falls short in explaining the causes of war in terms of international system being categorized in different polarity. This weakness has been addressed in theories which were coined late r. On the other hand, neo-realism refers to the causes of war being as the result of polarity of international system. This states that international systems being categorized in bipolar and multi-polar systems have different degree of probability for being at war. Under this position, multi-polar international system which is basically formed with the inclusion of more than two countries is safer and less likely to result in a war. This is merely because the bipolar international system including two states.

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession Literature review

Has the auditor lost its relevance as a profession - Literature review Example The secondary data sources have been used to study the previous studies and the empirical literature on the incompetency of the auditors and the adverse consequences faced the public due to their irresponsible activities. The literature review then assesses the justification of the expenses incurred for the purpose of auditing and the value that has been added as a result of auditing activities. The questions asked on the relevance of auditing function, mainstream and the alternative viewpoints on the topic have been reviewed. The recommendations on the ways of adding relevance to the auditing profession have also been included in this study. Historical background The auditors and their functions of auditing have never in such a limelight as ever before. The occurrence of the global financial crisis has raised concerns in the US, UK, Belgium, Singapore and in many other countries of the effectiveness of the auditing profession in the industry. The economic debacle exposed the ineffic iencies in the auditing practices conducted by the auditors. The US Senate, parliaments in different countries of Europe have started to relook into exploring a new model for auditing practices as its was felt that the auditors and their profession of auditing has lost its relevance in streamlining the business records, identifying the gaps and loophole and help the business to keep fair and transparent financial records for public disclosure. Several companies in the past have been involved in the financial scams where there balance sheets and financial statements have been inflated and thereby misled the investors about the true financial status of the companies. For example, Enron has been earmarked as the biggest audit failure in the history when they showed poor standards in auditing of financial statements mainly due to the mal intentions of their board of directors that led to the incorrect disclosure of financial statements to its shareholders. The eventual fall of performan ce of Enron brought out the truth and finally Enron Corporation went bankrupt. The impacts of failure of auditing were hugely felt during the global financial crisis. The accountability for lack of transparency in the financial statements was affixed to the auditors (Kornberger, Justesen and Mouritsen, 2011, p.525). Hence, the costs incurred and the time and energy spent in the profession of auditing were felt as unnecessary burdens with the advent of control technologies and automated systems to streamline the financial records and information. Methodologies The methodologies adopted for carrying out the activities of auditing is important in establishing the relevance and effectiveness of the auditors. The auditors are the final check points of the financial information to be disclosed to the public after their certification. Thus the methodology adopted by them for evaluating the values of the assets and liabilities of the company in judging the correctness of the financial infor mation is very important. The auditors follow the method of going concern in assessing the value of the assets and liabilities of the companies. This raises the complications in the activities of the auditing profession. The method of going

The factors affecting the resistance of a metalic conductor Essay Example for Free

The factors affecting the resistance of a metalic conductor Essay I1 12 As I have found from my experiments, the results I obtained show that the factors I predicted of affecting the resistance of a wire have proved true. Firstly, the factor of length increasing and resulting in an increase of resistance of the wire held true, because, as I varied the lengths of the wire form 50cm to 200cm the resistance increased from approximately 5 to 20. Secondly, the factor of the cross sectional area increasing and resulting in a decrease of the resistance of the wire also held true, because as I varied the cross sectional areas of the wire from 0. 4mm to 0. 91 mm, the resistance went from approximately 5. 4 to 0. 9. The above-mentioned results occur due to the fact of how many free electrons are being conducted through the wires of different lengths and areas.   In the case of length; the resistance increases as the length increases because a wire with a shorter distance will have a smaller amount of atoms for the free electrons to hit. Whereas a wire with a longer distance will have more atoms for the electrons to hit and the resistance gradually increases as a result.   In the case of the cross-sectional area; a wire with a greater area allows more electrons to flow through it as well as having more channels for the electrons to flow through it. As a result the resistance decreases, because current can flow without any restrictions. Whereas a wire with a smaller area all a smaller number of electrons to flow through it resulting in diminished flow of current through the wire. Thus the resistance increases because the current is flowing with restrictions. From the graphs on the following pages, I have illustrated my results obtained from my experiments and done so with the relationship between the current [I] and the voltage [V]. As predicted earlier, the graphs explain how, as the length of the wire increases, the resistance also increases, as shown in the graph I. As well as explaining how, as the cross sectional area of the wire increases, the resistance decreases, as seen in graph II. I have also plotted a graph to the effect on the resistance of the wire when a specific type of circuit is being used. A series circuit effect is seen in graph III and a parallel circuit effect is seen in graph IV. GRAPH I:   Length as a factor affecting the resistance of a wire: From the graph, we can see that the shorter the wire, the steeper the slope. Each line represents the wires I used that were of lengths ranging from 50cm to 200cm. The 50cm wire line has the steepest slope, thus we say it has the lowest resistance, while the 200cm wire has the least steep slope and we say it has the highest resistance. However to verify this fact I calculated R from the graph and found: For the length of the wire: 50 cm GradientÃ'Ž Therefore; R =1/0. 05 = 20 Below is my observation table that compares the value of R from my tabular calculations and the value of R from my graphical results: Length [cm] Calculated value of R [] Graphical value of R [] R/L [] 50 5. 06 5 100 9. 83 10 150 14. 63 13 200 19. 87 20 This graph shows, that the length of the wire is directly proportional to the resistance. GRAPH II: * Cross sectional area as a factor affecting resistance of a wire: From the graph, we can see that the thicker the wire the steeper the slope. Each slope represents the various thickness of wires I used ranging from 0.4mm to 0. 91mm. The 0. 4mm wire has the least steep slope, and we say that it has highest resistance, whereas the 0. 91mm wire line has the steepest slope and thus we say it has the lowest resistance. However I must verify these facts form my graph and calculate the value of R from the graph. Therefore; R = 1/0. 54 = 1. 8 0. 91mm Gradient = 1. 03 0. 81/ 1. 0 0. 8 = 0. 22/0. 2 = 1. 1 Therefore; R = 1/1. 1 = 0. 9 Below is my observation table that compares the value of R from my tabular calculations and the value of R from my graphical results: Area [m ] Calculated value of R [] Graphical value of R [] R x A [] 0. 12 5. 49 4. 8 0. 25 2. 86 3 0. 39 1. 62 1. 8 0. 65 0. 97 0. 9 This graph shows that the cross sectional area of the wire is inversely proportional to the resistance of the wire. GRAPH III: * A series circuit as a factor affecting the resistance of a wire: From the graph, we can see that when we use a wire of length 50cm, and pass current through it, via a series circuit the resistance is slightly less, than when we pass current through two wires of lengths 20cm and 30 cm and connect them with a series connection then the resistance is slightly higher. This is because were doubling the length of the resistor, thus we say that the resistance increases with the total length of the resistors. To verify my findings   Below is my observation table that compares the value of R from my tabular calculations and the value of R from my graphical results: Length [cm] Calculated value of R [] Graphical value of R [] 2030 6. 04 6. 8 50 5. 06 6. 2 GRAPH IV:   A parallel circuit as a factor affecting the resistance of a wire: From the graph, we can see that when we use a wire with a smaller cross sectional area and pass current through it via a parallel circuit, the resistance is slightly higher than when using a normal circuit. This is because placing resistors in parallel is equivalent to increasing the cross-sectional area A through which current can flow. In my graph I have used a wire of thickness 0. 4mm and passed current through it using a parallel circuit, and the resistance is lower. The resistance for the 0. 56mm wire when passing current through it using a normal circuit is higher. However to verify my findings, I calculated the value of R from my graph and found: 0. 4mm Gradient =Therefore; 35 Therefore; R =1/0. 35 = 2. 8 Below is my observation table that compares the value of R from my tabular calculations and the value of R from my graphical results: Area [m ] Calculated value of R [] Graphical value of R [] 0. 12 2. 62 3. 33 0. 25 2. 86 2. 8 MATHEMATICAL DEDUCTIONS TO FURTHER PROVE MY RESULTS: Consider a wire of length l Where; A = cross -sectional area / number density of electrons n = electron density =number of free electrons per unit volume If voltage V, is applied to the wire, the electrons will drift to the positive terminal with a velocity, v. Volume of the wire = AlÃ'Ž Number of free electrons in conductor = n x A x l = nAl Total charge that is free to move = n x A x l x e =nAle Current = charge/time = Q/t Time required for all electrons to emerge out of the end of the conductor = l/v Therefore; I = Q/t = nAle/l/v = nAve Drift velocity (from battery cell) is the EMF, Therefore; Force = mass x acceleration (force to move current) Acceleration = velocity/time L = m x v / t Work is done by voltage in moving electrons i. e. acceleration: Work done = Force x Distance Distance = l Therefore; work done/electronic charge = w/e Work done per unit charge = V = w/e = lÃ'Ž Therefore; V = l x m x v/et R = V/I therefore; V = l x m x v/et = l x m x et I = nAve nAe From my analysis I can conclude that as the length of a wire increases, so does the resistance. This is because there is a larger amount of wire to travel up and therefore there will be more factors to increase resistance I can now sat that I believe my experiments were quite accurate as I performed them fairly and properly, this is demonstrated in the good results I have obtained. My measurements were accurate enough as I used digital ammeters and voltmeters, making them more reliable. In doing so I also avoided the possibility of parallax errors as well as zero errors. Were my results accurate to draw a conclusion? I was able to draw a valid conclusion for the measurements of current and voltage, as they were more or less what I expected to attain. I managed to prove that resistance is proportional to length as length increases, the resistance of the wire increases and that resistance is inversely proportional to the cross sectional area as cross sectional area increases, the resistance of the wire decreases. As well as that, for 2 wires connected via a series circuit combination, the resistance pattern will be the same as that when length of a wire is varied. Whereas for 2 wires connected via a parallel circuit combination, the resistance pattern will be the same as that for when area of the wire is varied. My results did not agree fully with my heat theory as they showed slight variations, such as a 14. 63 result instead of a result close to 13 for a wire of length 150cm. And a 19. 87 result instead of a result close to 18 for a wire of length 200cm. These were my anomalous results. This was probably due to the temperature variation of the wire. However these anomalous results were not big enough to change my final reading. I believe my results allowed me to cover a wide range of factors affecting the resistance of a wire, because I took a total of 4 lengths and eight readings for each length, giving me enough to analyse. I performed the experiment once, but I did take the reading of the current twice. Once in an ascending order, then in a descending order, thus I had two sets of results, which improved my accuracy. I also did a fair test because I followed the precaution of using the same equipment each time the experiment had to be carried out. Thus I can regard my results as being reliable values, as when compared to actual values, such as getting a 5 resistance for the 50cm wire as compared to supposedly having to get a 4. 5 resistance, or a 9. 83 resistance for a 100cm wire as compared to having to obtain a 9 resistance. I dont have any outstanding anomalous values that showed up on my graphs, only a few points did not quite fit on my line of best fit, which were quite close to it anyway. As I mentioned earlier these could have been caused by the heating effect of the equipment which resulted in slight variations of my readings. OTHER EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE A CURRENT VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP: Testing a silicon diode: I could connect a battery, a lamp, and a diode in series. Then connect the narrow end of the diode nearest to the negative terminal of the battery. Using an analog VOM type meter, I would set the meter to one of the lower ohms scales, say 0-2K, and measure the resistance of the diode both ways. If I get zero both ways, the diode is shorted. If I get INFINITY both ways, the diode is open. If I get INFINITY one way but some reading the other way (the value is not important) then the diode is good and I can measure the current and the voltage. As the graph shows, almost no current flows if the voltage applied is in the reverse direction. Testing the transistor: Testing a unijunction transistor (UJT) is a relatively easy task if you view the UJT as being a diode connected to the junction of two resistors, as shown in figure 4-21. With an ohmmeter, measure the resistance between base 1 and base 2; then reverse the ohmmeter leads and take another reading. Both readings should show the same high resistance regardless of the meter lead polarity. Connect the ohmmeters negative lead to the UJTs emitter. Using the positive lead, measure the resistance from the emitter to base 1, and then from the emitter to base 2. Both readings should indicate high resistances approximately equal to each other. Disconnect the negative lead from the emitter and connect the positive lead to it. Using the negative lead, measure the resistance from the emitter to base. From my mathematical deductions (to further prove my investigation) in my analysis section I calculated the value for resistivity for a nichrome wire and compared the calculated value with the actual standard value of rho. That is; LENGTH [cm] R from my experimental results R from my graphical results. REA [m] R from my experimental results [] R from my graphical results therefore; Material Length [m] Area [m ] Resistance [] Calculated [m] Standard [m] NichromeNichrome Nichrome NichromeÃ'Ž Thus we see that my results were not so different from the actual standard value of resistivity, and this is mainly because of the temperature variations that occurred during my experiment. This evidence does support a firm conclusion that if someone was to repeat the same investigation I would expect the to receive the same results. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Globalisation and Formula One

Globalisation and Formula One ABSTRACT It is often argued whether motorsport is a proper sport, and thus can be examined as such by researchers. In this essay, Formula One, for many the most important form of motorsport, is compared to established sports such as football and the Olympic Games, in terms of structure, their respective governing bodies, and their characteristics. For the latter, it has been discussed whether Formula One is a socio-cultural sport or a commercial one, as these are identified by K. Foster. Moreover, the role televison played into growing the sports popularity is examined. Finally, there has been a comparison between two important personalities of football and Formula One, Dr Joao Havelange and Bernie Ecclestone respectively, in an attempt to examine to what extent individuals can have an influence on a sports development. Introduction Ever since the replacement of post modernity with globalisation as the predominant social theory (T. Miller et al, 2001), academics of sport have taken an interest on International Sport Governing bodies and their role in an era where, (according to the hyperglobalist tradition at least (D. Held et all, 1999), nation states and their institutions are going into decline. The two most commonly mentioned (and researched) International Sport Institutions are FIFA ( J. Sugden and A. Tomlinson 1999, J. Sugden and A. Tomlinson 2003), (the International Federation of Football Associations) and the IOC   (the International Olympic Committee), (M. Roche, 2000). These are the respective governing bodies of football and the Olympic Games worldwide, and subsequently responsible of staging the worlds two most popular sporting events; the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games. This essay will attempt to investigate in what extent does a slightly different sport, motor racing (through its most popu lar discipline, F1 GP racing), complies with the trademarks in world sport organisation set by the aforementioned institutions. For this purpose, I have opted to compare the structure of   FIFA and the FIA (Federation Internationale de l Automobile), as well as the two sports (from their league structure point of view mainly),. Before that, however, I have decided to outline some of the characteristics of motor sport, which make it defer from mainstream bodily sports, as well as clarify some definitions and terminology that is widely used to describe it. Moreover, I have seeked to make a comparison between the two individuals that transformed these two organisations into what they are today: Dr Joao Havelange and Bernie Ecclestone. The role of these individuals within the structures of the Fedrations will be examined, taking into account the existing theories concerning agency, which try to understand the role individuals can play in a social system. Specifically, the essay will focus on the impact Havelange (as FIFA president from 1974-1998) and Ecclestone (as F1s commercial rights holder) had in what Miller refers to as Televisualisation (Miller et all, op. cit. p. 4) of sport. Televisualisation, along with Commodification (ibid, p. 4), will be further discussed, as they were the key factors that resulted in the economic growth of both FIFA and FIA, by being the marketing tools for boosting the image of football and motor racing worldwide. As a conclusion, some thoughts about the commercial future of Formula One will be outlined, mostly influenced by Sugden and Tomlinsons thoughts on the future of FIFA (J. Sugden and A. Tomlinson 2005). Unfortunately, due to the relative lack of scholarly sources on motor racing, historical information has been gathered mostly from journalistic sources, with every attempt made to ensure these are credible ones. The same applies to information acquired from the World Wide Web, where only established sites (such as the FIA official site, the Financial Times and the European Union) have been used. Finally, as most of the original notes for this essay had been in Greek, I have used the Oxford Greek-English Learners Dictionary as a reference (D. N. Stavropoulos, 2004). The nature of Motor Sport Due to its peculiarities, motor sport is not a popular participant sport, unlike football. Whereas football is easy to play, requiring minimum equipment such as a ball and two posts, and can take any place in any open space, motor sport is centred around such a sophisticated equipment as a racing car, which is very expensive to purchase and run, and it is restricted to specifically designed race tracks. Many consider it not to be a proper sport; First, because a drivers ability is compromised by the competitiveness of his or her equipment, and therefore not always the most capable can challenge for victory, if they are not well-equipped. Secondly, because mainstream sport in most cases involves an athlete physically using his/her body to perform. A person sitting on a car is not considered as a true athlete, although in the higher disciplines, such as F1, a driver has to endure lateral forces of up to 4g for approximately 1 and a half hour (the average duration of a GP race), and at the same time being completely concentrated in order to achieve consecutive laps with accuracy of tenths of a second. Motor Sport has various disciplines, which, unlike many other sports, are available for representatives of both genders to participate in and compete against each other. The motor sport discipline whose structure will be compared to football will be Formula One, for many the highest echelon of motor racing (Table 1). More specifically, with Formula One we refer to the Formula One World Championship, which is regulated by the FIA.   Racing Type Power Output (in bhp) Champ Car 750 Formula 1 750 F1 equivalency Formula 750 Indy Racing League 670 Grand Prix Masters 650 GP2 580 A1GP 520 Table   1: (Power outputs of racing categories (F1Racing magazine 2006) Definitions What is Formula One The name Formula One was only introduced in 1947 when racing activities resumed after the 2nd World War. Formula 1 was actually a code used to identify the technical regulations under which grand prix cars should be run at the races. Formula 1 racing began in 1947 therefore, although only in 1950 was a World Championship for Formula one cars organised (A. Cimarosti). However, F1 as a discipline exists in other sports as well, for example powerboating. What is a Grand Prix The first Grand Prix (grand prize) for automobiles was organised as such for the first time in 1906 by the AFC (Automobile Club de France) (ibid). Ever since it has become almost synonymous with big motor sport events, and with Formula One since the inception of the World Championship in 1950. The term Grand Prix though is also used in other sports, such as motorcycle racing and some IAAF meetings. Ownership of Formula One the FIA The FIA owns the name Formula One World Championship'(www. fia.com. 2006). In their website the FIA describe themselves as a non-profit making association (www.fia.com/thefia/Organisation/organisation.html 2006) who, since its birth in 1904, (it) has been dedicated to representing the interests of motor organisations and motor car users throughout the world. It is also the governing body of motor sport worldwide (ibid).   Today it consists of 213 national motoring organisations from 125 countries (www.fia.com/thefia/Membership/index_membershtml, 2006). We should bear in mind that unlike for example FIFA, which only has authority over football, the FIA is responsible for all the types of car racing (rallying, racing, hill climbing etc), but that does not include motorcycle racing, which is the responsibility of the FIM (Federation International of Motorcycle). The date of its foundation suggests it was conceived during a time when, according to Miller again, it was Europes high point for setting in place the global governance of sport. Miller points out that most of the worlds governing bodies were founded after the proclamation of the Olympic movement at the turn of the century; he also goes on to mention the establishment of equivalents for football, cricket, athletics and tennis (T. Miller et al, op. cit. p. 10 ). However, one of the peculiarities of the FIA is that it is not entirely a sporting body (see Table 2). FIA General Assembly FIA President Deputy President  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FIA Senate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Deputy President (Mobility and Automobile)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Sport) FIA World Council for Mobility and the Automobile  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World Motor Sport Council Mobility and Automobile Commissions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sporting Commissions International Court of appeal Secretariat Table 2. The structure of the FIA (www.fia.com, 2006 ). Instead, the FIA consists of the World council for Mobility and the Automobile, and the World Motor Sport council. The World Motor Sport Council is the world governing body of the FIA Formula One World Championship. This is the sporting branch of the FIA under whose jurisdiction come all forms of international motor sport involving land vehicles with four or more wheels.  Ã‚   Of significant importance is the existence of the FIA International Court of Appeal, which is the final appeal tribunal for international motor sport. ()Iit resolves disputes brought before it by any motor sports National Sporting Authorities worldwide, or by the President of the FIA. It can also settle non-sporting disputes brought by national motor racing organisations affiliated to the FIA (www.fia.com/thefia/Court_of_appeal/index.html, 2006). The existence of the International Court of Appeal within the FIA structure points out to what Ken Foster refers to private justice among global sporting organisations. He argues that the intent [] is to create a zone of private justice within the sporting field of regulation that excludes judicial supervision or intervention with the decision-making process of international sporting federations. It denies athletes -[and teams]- access to national courts and leaves them dependent on the arbitrary justice of the international sporting federation themselves. Athletes can claim redress only from an arbitration panel created and appointed by the international sporting federation itself [], (K. Foster, 2005). It appears that the FIA has followed FIFAs and the IOCs example, in taking advantage of the difficulties of monitoring INGOs. Foster underlines that states are unwilling or incapable of challenging the power of international sporting federations[] (ibid. p.68). In addition, he points out alternative ways of avoiding legal scrutiny by making it compulsory in their rules that disputes go only to private arbitration,   and by asking athletes to sign agreements not tot take legal action against international sporting federations'(ibid. p.69). Indeed, according to Allison, [modern sport] has developed highly autonomous international organisations () (L. Allison and T Monnington, 2005). In the same text, Foster has previously commented on the general attitude of powerful sporting bodies: Historically, sport has been governed by management structures that were hierarchical and authoritarian. Their ideology, and often their legal form, was that of a private club (). The commercialisation, and the later commodification [which will be discussed later on this essay] of sport put pressure on their legal form. Private clubs began to exercise significant economic power over sport. (). International sporting bodies, as federations of national associations, in turn organised global sport. () the need for due process in decision-making and the need to prevent abuses of dominant power within the sport were two important consequences of this [the] legal intervention (K Foster, in Allison, 2005).  Ã‚   So far it appears that the FIA is complying with the models of regulation of FIFA and the IOC in certain aspects, such as being an International Non-Government- Organisation (INGO). But, because of its very nature, the motor sport governing body does not entirely follow FIFAs and the IOCs patterns. For example, Sugden and Tomlinson (again), argue that drawing upon Archers classification of types of international organisations, (C. Archer, 1992), () since its foundation in 1904, FIFA has transformed itself from and INGO (International Non-Government- Organisation) into a BINGO (Business International Non-Government Organisation (), (J Sugden and A Tomlinson, 2005).   They go on to comment that FIFAs reason for existence has been increasingly profit-driven () and has become a   leading example of the professionalisation and commercialisation of modern sport (), (Ibid. p.27). From a capitalistic point of view, one would assume that it would be normal for every organisation to seek p rofit. Sugden and Tomlinson, though, observe that such commercial activity coming from INGOs is illegal, and refer to Morozovs claim: As Morozov states, the aims and activities of an international organisation must be in keeping with the universally accepted principles of international law embodied in the charter of the United Nations and must not have a commercial character or pursue profit-making aims, ( G. Morozov, (1997). ( However, the FIA cannot be considered to belong in the category of INGOs becoming BINGOs. Like FIFA and the IOC, it has opted to locate its corresponding offices in Switzerland (www.fia.com/global/contacts .html, 2006), something which, as Sugden and Tomlinson point out, underlines [FIFAs] political and fiscal autonomy (and unaccountability), ( J Sugden and A Tomlinson, 1998); but it has not directly benefited economically by promoting the Formula One World Championship. Although it states that part of its resources shall be derived from income arising directly or indirectly from sporting activities, including the FIA champions (www.fia.com/thefia/statutes/Files/index, 2006), hips, it cannot benefit directly from exploiting Formula Ones and other FIA championships commercial rights. Foster, again, gives a detailed account of how the case of motor sport became a unique example of governmental intrusion into a global sporting bodys self-regulation, ( K Foster, in Allison 2005). According to a European Commission principal, a governing body of sport needs to separate its regulation of the sport from its commercial activities in promoting events and in maximising their commercial value; a governing body must not use its regulatory functions improperly to exclude its commercial rivals from the sport (Official European Journal, 13/06/01, Cases COMP/35.163: COMP/36.638; COMP/36.776. GTR/FIA others, 2005). It is suggested that FIA used its monopoly positio n by the threat of imposing sanctions to drivers, circuits, teams and promoters who wouldnt grant them exclusivity, thus rendering them unable to compete in rival series. Moreover, broadcasters who televised rival events were given least favourable agreements (K Foster in Allison, 2005). The result of the European Commissions intervention was the change of regulations on behalf of the FIA: They insisted on a complete separation of the regulatory function of FIA, as the governing body of the sport, and its commercial function of exploiting the broadcasting rights to all motor sport events under its jurisdiction. The separation is (was) designed to prevent conflicts of interest. The Commission also limited the extent to which FIA, as the regulator of the sport, can take measures to prevent rival promoters of events competing with FIAs events. The Commission wanted to separate the function of the FIA in promoting events (and thereby gaining commercial benefit) from that of licensing events as part of its regulatory function. The role of a governing body, according to the Commission, is to act fairly and create a level playing field so that all promoters of events are treated equally and carefully (Ibid. p.84). Foster justifies the Commissions decision thus: The differen t approach by the Commission can be explained because motor sport is a globalised, rather than an internationalised, sport. It had a commercial structure of management and offered no cultural or social justification of its anti-competitive behaviour. As such it was subject to normal commercial criteria in its regulation, (Ibid); and goes on to comment that this example may be unusual in that there was an excessive intermingling of the regulatory and commercial functions within the governing structures of international motor sport. However, it indicates that regional regulation can be effective and that the fear that globalised sport can escape all regulation and be immune from legal intervention may be exaggerated (Ibid).   Structure of the FIA Formula One World Championship Indeed, the structure of the FIA Formula One World Championship seems very much to resemble the American (commercial) model of sport, although being originally a European concept, as described above. Foster, once again, offers the key characteristics in American and European sport. (see Table 3.) European (socio-cultural) American (Commercial) Organisational motive Sporting Competition Profit League structure Open Pyramid. Promotion and relegation Closed league; ring-fenced Governing bodys role Vertical solidarity; sport for all Profit maximisation; promote elite stars as celebrities Cultural Identity National leagues; local teams. Opposition to relocation of teams transnational leagues Transnational or global leagues; footloose franchises International Competitions Important for National Identity Non-existent or minimal Structure of governance Single representative federal body League or commissioner Table 3. (European model of sport vs American model of sport),   (Ibid. p.74). By attempting to compare the structures of football and Formula One, we can relatively easily identify that the former belongs to the European tradition. It was indeed conceived as a sporting competition first and foremost. It is rather doubtful that there had been a plan to make profit out of football when the FA was founded in 1886. The open pyramid system is adopted, with clubs being promoted and relegated form the divisions of their national leagues, depending on their performance. Football has been conceived as a sport for all, and FIFAs initiatives such as the goal project confirm this (J Sugdan and A Tomlinson, 2003). Moreover, with the existence of events such as the FIFA World Cup which is exclusively contested for by National teams, the importance of national identity in football is displayed. Finally, the FIFA remains the only representative body for the sport.   In contrast, the structure of the FIA Formula One World Championship complies in general terms with the Ameri can (commercial one), although with few noticeable exceptions. It should be noted that, before starting to analyse Formula One racing using this model, we can identify in its nature all but one of the strands that are identified by Scholte, (A. J. Scholte, 2000). The only one absent is Internationalisation, as there are no international competitions in Formula One. Instead, it is an entirely globalised sport. There are no national Formula One championships. The only Formula One championship organised today is the World Championship. Liberalisation, universalisation and, most importantly, globalisation are all evident: Liberalisation: There are no cross border restrictions in Formula One, as it does not operate on a national level. The races can be held in any country, provided it has an FIA- affiliated national sporting body, and drivers and teams can come form any country as well. Universalisation: ()A global sport () needs to be simple in its structure and thus readily understood by those who have never played the game before, (Foster, in Allison, p. 66). This is more than evident in Formula One, whereas although most people are unlikely to have driven a Formula One car in full racing trim, unless they are professional racing drivers, they can easily understand its concept, that the faster car wins the race.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Globalisation/ Americanisation: Rationalisation of Formula One has been achieved since its conception in 1950. Written rules were adopted and a championship was organised in order to rationally identify (Ibid), the best driver, (and the best team in 1958 with the introduction of the Constructors championship). In addition, it also complies with imperialism and westernization. Foster comments that Developing countries are excluded because they have fewer facilities (). Sports like motor racing require massive technical capital that excludes them (Ibid). De-Territorialisation: Foster observes that we have global broadcasting of sport and global fans; (Ibid. p.67), and goes on to quote Giulianotti: Globalisation brings with it a disembedding of local social and political ties between club [-in Formula Ones case, team] and community (R. Giulianotti, 2005). This is again present in the case of Formula One. As races are not contested in the teams home grounds, but rather, in race tracks scattered throughout the world,   there is not much connection between their national identity (with the exception of Ferrari, who still carries some sense of Italian-ness). Re-location for Formula One teams is usual, provided this gives them a better chance of winning. Hence, Renault are based in Enstone, UK, Toyota in Cologne, Germany, etc. Furthermore, the ease with which teams can change their identity overnight is unique: The tartan-liveried team of former Scottish triple World Champion Jackie Stewart, founded in 1997 was turned into Jaguar in 2000, proudly painted in British Racing Green colour, and Red Bull in 2005, after the name of an Austrian-made energy drink. The globalised nature of Formula One (especially in its difference to internationalised sport) has also been identified by Houlihan: Globalised sport () has rootless teams, with multi national or nationally ambiguous teams ( B. Houlihan, 2005), [for example McLaren are a British team, founded by a New Zealander (Bruce McLaren), have a German engine provider (Mercedes) and their drivers come from Finland (Kimi Raikkonen) and Colombia (Juan Pablo Montoya)]. These rootless, de-territorialised sports are often typified by their identification with commercial sponsors. [for example Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro, and Mild Seven Benetton Renault F1 Team]. Formula One teams are defined by their manufacturers, such as Ferrari (Ibid).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Going back to the American vs European model, we have already argued that although Formula One racing was conceived in Europe on the turn of the 20th century, its current management has rendered it a primarily profit-making sport. One could argue that until 1968, when cigarette advertising (and generally corporate advertising) appeared in Formula One, (http://8w.forix.com/love.html, see also http://8w.forix.com/myths.html, 2005), the sport belonged to the European tradition. Up until then, any profit made was incidental, not central. Only starting and prize money was available to the competitors. In the 1970s, with sponsorship cash and television money heavily influencing the sport (P. Menard, 2004), Formula One became a profit-making sport. The role of television coverage in that will be discussed later in the essay. As for the league structure of Formula One, it is totally commercial. As mentioned before, there is only one Formula One contest, the World Championship. Entry to it is not based on a promotion system, but strictly on capitalistic values. In other words, only those who can afford it can enter. A recent example was that of the new Super Aguri racing team. Although the rules state   that applications to compete in the Championship may be submitted to the FIA () two years prior to the Championship in which the applicant wishes to compet (),   (www.fia.com /resources/documents/, 2006), the team applied in autumn 2005. However, the application was successful. On January 2006, FIA issued the following statement: Following receipt of the necessary financial guarantee and with the unanimous support of the competing teams, the FIA has accepted the late entry of the Super Aguri F1 Team to the 2006 Formula One World Championship, (http://www.motorsport.com/news/article.asp?ID=208865FS=F1, 2 006). This incident is characteristic of an American-type closed league, as Foster describes it: The entry [to the league] is controlled by the incumbents. There is a fixed number of teams in the league [in Formula Ones case, the highest number of cars that can take part in the Championship is 24] with no relegation. New teams cannot break into the closed shop unless the league decides that its overall economic wealth will be improved by expansion franchises. The economic risks of sporting failure are reduced and this makes capital investment in a team franchise more attractive (K. Foster, in Allison (2005), p. 75). In terms of the Governing bodys role, it is also an occasion where F1 follows the American model. Vertical solidarity is non-existent, as there are no lower Formula One leagues. Even for motor sport in general, Formula One revenues are not redistributed to lower formulae, and there is no effort to make motor racing a sport for all. Only whoever can afford motor racing can enter it. Formula One seeks to maximise its profits by commodificating itself. Elite stars are promoted as celebrities. For example, an attempt to present Jenson Button as a star has taken place in Britain, while in the case of Germany, Lincoln Allison and Terry Monnington comment: (Lotthar Matthaus), Michael Schumacher, (and Bernhard Langer) have been more importantly formative of young peoples images of Germany in the last generation that have Fichte, Hegel and Bismark, (L. Allison and T.   Monningtonin, 2005).   The American model seems to suit Formula One best again when questions about its relation to national identity arise. What Foster observes as a characteristic of the American model, is that there is little sense of national identity (). The leagues identification of its supporters is one of commercial customers rather than fans. The business can and will be moved whenever commercial considerations dictate, more like a supermarket chain than a sports team, (Foster, in Allison p. 75). This is partly true for Formula One and relevant to de-territorilisation. Most teams can relocate, as mentioned, and race venues can be changed, as was the case in recent years, with traditional European races (like the Austrian GP) being dropped from the calendar in favour of new venues in Asia (Bahrain, Malaysia, Turkey, China). However, when the sport was conceived, (prior to advertising) the racing cars would be usually painted in their national colours (green for Britain, blue for France, silver for Germany, Red for Italy etc). Today only Ferrari maintains some sense of national identity, being the only team remaining of those who took part in the inaugural 1950 World Championship; and they are still carrying the traditional racing colours (Rosso Corse). It is the only team that has fans (usually fans support drivers, not teams), the tifosi, and the race tracks of Imola and Monza are considered their home. In a lesser extent, that could apply to British teams and the Silverstone circuit. Few customs that refer to the presence of nationalism in past years still remain. One such example is the playing of the national anthem for both winning driver and constructor during the award-giving ceremony. At the same time, the hoisting of the flags in honour of the first, second and third drivers takes place. Another is the existence of a small flag next to the name of the driver, to indicate his or her nationality, on their racing overalls and on the sides of the cars cockpit.   Finally, there are no national teams competitions in Formula One, (In 2006, a rival series to F1, A1GP appeared), and, as mentioned before, the FIA is the only regulating sporting body.   Televisualisation However, we have seen that in practice, because of the aforementioned intervention of the European Commission in the governing of Formula One, many key decisions about the sport are taken by the person who administrates its commercial rights and not the governing body.   This person could be considered the equivalent of a commissioner in a commercial model. In the case of Formula One, he is Bernie Ecclestone, through his FOM company. FOA/FOM, companies controlled by () Ecclestone, are engaged in the promotion of the FIA Formula One Championship. The 1998 Concorde Agreement provides that FOA is the Commercial Rights Holder to the FIA Formula One Championship. FOA is thus responsible for televising and generally commercializing the Championship. On 28 May 1999, FOA changed its name to Formula One Management Limited (FOM) which manages the rights. The commercial rights themselves were taken over by an associated company, now also named FOA, (http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2001/c_169/c_16920010613en00050011.pdf). Miller underlines the importance of televisualisation in sport: Television was the prime motor in the development of post-war sport() helping to constitute a sports/media complex or media-sports-culture complex of sports organisation, media/marketing organisations, and media personnel (broadcasters and journalists). Dependency of sports organi