An Overview of Impressionism in Art History

Impressionist art is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to-late 1800s and emphasizes an artists immediate impression of a moment or scene, usually communicated through the use of light and its reflection, short brushstrokes, and separation of colors. Impressionist painters,such as Claude Monet in his Impression: Sunrise and Edgar Degas in Ballet Class, often used modern life as their subject matter and painted quickly and freely, capturing light and movement in a way that had not been tried before.   Key Takeaways: Impressionism Impressionism is a style of painting that was developed in the late 19th century.  The style, methods, and topics of Impressionism rejected previous historical painting, replacing carefully hidden brushstrokes of historical events with visible thick bright colors of modern scenes.  The first exhibition was in 1874, and it was roundly panned by art critics.Key painters include Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Impressionism: Definition Avenue de LOpà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille. Mondadori / Getty Images Although some of the most respected artists of the Western canon were part of the Impressionist movement, the term impressionist was originally intended as a derogatory term, used by art critics who were flatly appalled at this new style of painting. In the mid-1800s, when the Impressionist movement was born, it was commonly accepted that serious artists blended their colors and minimized the appearance of brushstrokes to produce the licked surface preferred by the academic masters. Impressionism, in contrast, featured short, visible strokes—dots, commas, smears, and blobs. The first piece of art to inspire the critical nickname impressionism was Claude Monets 1873 piece Impression: Sunrise, a piece that was presented at the first exhibition in 1874. Conservative painter Joseph Vincent was quoted in a review in increasingly sarcastic ways, calling Monets work not as finished as wallpaper. To call someone an Impressionist in 1874 was an insult, meaning the painter had no skill and lacked the common sense to finish a painting before selling it.   The First Impressionist Exhibition Frà ©dà ©ric Bazille, Bazilles Studio, 1870. Musà ©e dOrsay, Parà ­s (Francia) In 1874, a group of artists who dedicated themselves to this messy style pooled their resources to promote themselves in their own exhibition. The idea was radical. In those days the French art world revolved around the annual Salon, an official exhibition sponsored by the French government through its Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts. The group (Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, and a raft of others) called themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, etc. Together they rented exhibition space from the photographer Nadar (a pseudonym of Gaspard-Fà ©lix Tournachon). Nadars studio was in a new building, which was a rather modern edifice; and the entire effect of their efforts caused a sensation. For the average audience, the art looked strange, the exhibition space looked unconventional, and the decision to show their art outside of the Salon or the Academys orbit (and even sell directly off the walls) seemed close to madness. Indeed, these artists pushed the limits of art in the 1870s far beyond the range of acceptable practice. Even in 1879, during the fourth Impressionist Exhibition, the French critic Henry Havard wrote: I confess humbly I do not see nature as they do, never having seen these skies fluffy with pink cotton, these opaque and moirà © waters, this multi-colored foliage. Maybe they do exist. I do not know them.   Impressionism and Modern Life Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874. Mondadori Portfolio Impressionism created a new way of seeing the world. It was a way of observing the city, the suburbs, and the countryside as mirrors of the modernization that each of these artists perceived and wanted to record from their point of view. Modernity, as they knew it, became their subject matter. Mythology, biblical scenes and historical events that had dominated the revered history painting of their era were replaced by subjects of contemporary life, such as cafes and street life in Paris, suburban and rural leisure life outside of Paris, dancers and singers and workmen. The Impressionists attempted to capture the quickly shifting light of natural daylight by painting outdoors (en plein air). They mixed their colors on the canvas rather than their palettes and painted rapidly in wet-on-wet complementary colors made from new synthetic pigments. To achieve the look they wanted, they invented the technique of broken colors, leaving gaps in the top layers to reveal colors below, and abandoning the films and glazes of the older masters for a thick impasto of pure, intense color. In a sense, the spectacle of the street, cabaret or seaside resort became history painting for these stalwart Independents (who also called themselves the Intransigents—the stubborn ones). The Evolution of Post-Impressionism Mary Cassatt, A Cup of Tea, 1879. Corbis/VCG / Getty Images The Impressionists mounted eight shows from 1874 to 1886, although very few of the core artists exhibited in every show. After 1886, the gallery dealers organized solo exhibitions or small group shows, and each artist concentrated on his or her own career. Nevertheless, they remained friends (except for Degas, who stopped talking to Pissarro because he was an anti-Dreyfusard and Pissarro was Jewish). They stayed in touch and protected each other well into old age. Among the original group of 1874, Monet survived the longest. He died in 1926. Some artists who exhibited with the Impressionists in the 1870s and 1880s pushed their art into different directions. They became known as Post-Impressionists: Paul Cà ©zanne, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat, among others. Important Impressionists   Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, on the Butte-Montmartre. Painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), 1876. Corbis   / Getty Images The impressionist artists were friends, who as a group were part of the cafe set in the city of Paris. Many of them lived in the Batignolles neighborhood, located in the 17th arrondissement of the city. Their favorite meeting place was the Cafà © Guerbois, located on Avenue de Clichy in Paris. The most influential impressionists of the period include: Claude MonetEdgar DegasPierre-August RenoirCamille PissarroBerthe MorisotMary CassattAlfred SisleyGustave CaillebotteArmand GuillauminFrà ©dà ©ric Bazille

Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the Assessment and...

ROLE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS IN THE IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE SPECIAL NEED CHILDREN. Dr. Seema Singh*, Mrs. Paromita chaubey The 73rd amendment to the Indian constitution (1992) is a landmark in the evolution of Panchayats in India which carved out the third tier of the Indian Political System. Earlier we had only two Tiers - the union and the State governments. Now we have the third tier – the panchayats at the village block and district levels. Panchayats have been the backbone o f Indian Villages. From ages they had mainly performed the role of imparting justice. The panchayats as they exist today have been made by law and the Panchayati Raj System is an†¦show more content†¦In addition to this PRIS also ensure that all the Special need Children and their parents are aware of the various benefits and their legal rights. They try and develop good linkages between the various agencies/Departments such as the health department /Hospitals/education department/DIETs/Voluntary organizations working in the field of disability and also check that the posts of the various specialized personne l who are required for the comprehensive care of the disabled such as clinical psychologist, special educators and rehabilitation specialists are filled up immediately. ACTIVITIES OF THE PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL:- PREVENTION OF DISABILITY:- Disability or inability means lack of ability. The functional ability of the person decreases as a result of impairment. For any individual, disability is a situation in which the person finds himself unable or feels an obstruction to complete the work expected of him on the basis of his age, sex or social or cultural background. In other words, disability is resultant obstruction or interruption of impairment in performing a work considered to be within the normal limit of any individual. Disability creates problems in moving, seeing, writing, weight lifting and/or taking interest in routine work. Disability can broadly beShow MoreRelatedChemical Hazards43022 Words   |  173 Pagesexpress my sincere thanks to the representatives of the other central ministries and departments concerned, regulatory agencies, RD organisations, professionals from scientific and technical institutes/academics, technocrats from leading national institutions and apex industrial associations/conso rtiums of the corporate sectors for the valuable inputs that helped us in improving the content and presentation of the document. The efforts of Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Scientist ‘F’ and Additional DirectorRead MoreWomen Empowerment12463 Words   |  50 Pages | |Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India, Towards Equality, 1974 and highlighted in | |the National Perspective Plan for Women, 1988-2000, the Shramshakti Report, 1988 and the Platform for | |Action, Five Years After- An assessment | |1.8 Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms, the most obvious being the trend of | |continuously declining female ratio in the population in the last few decades

Campare and Contraste Free Essays

Julio Alvarado English 914 â€Å"Driving While Stupid† Summary In his article â€Å"Driving While Stupid,† Dave Barry shares his experience of bad drivers. He talks about many scenarios that are taking place in many places. He first starts by stating that downtown Miami is home to the worst drivers. We will write a custom essay sample on Campare and Contraste or any similar topic only for you Order Now He claims that although some may try to say otherwise, that there is no way to compete with Miami on the worst driver scale. Barry backs up his clam by giving examples of how he has driven in every major U. S. city as well as in Italy, where there is only one traffic law, in an Argentinean city of Mar del Plata, literally meaning â€Å"Cover your  eyes,† and in China, where buses ‘encourage’ people to get out of the way. He says he has seen many insane drivers and situations, but that didn’t stop him from being surprised with one of his own experiences; the night when a driver in a convertible on the interstate I-95 was weaving back and forth going maybe 600 miles per hour. The observation Barry makes is that the driver was watching a music video on a video screen installed in his sun visor. Barry goes on to say that there are many drivers who distract themselves by cell phones, reading, eating, etc, while driving, but at least, unlike the guy on the interstate, they are able to see the road from time to time. The level of comedy that Barry used in his article is high. By using deliberate and obvious exaggeration and sarcasm to convey the fact that drivers should pay more attention to the road, and less to other crazy activities. How to cite Campare and Contraste, Essay examples

Explain Diversity in Families Intercultural Communication with Exampl

Question: Describe the families' reactions to the couple to each other and EXPLAIN how that reaction influenced the couples relationship. Explain how the families interactions with each other and with the couple influence the development of the relationship. Be specific about how the couple was influenced. Answer: Introduction This assignment will focus on a famous movie My Fat Greek Wedding directed by Joel Zwick. The movie released on 22nd February 2002 in Santa Monica (Maxwell and Ian). The movie tells a story on Ian and Toula who in spite of belonging from different cultures and backgrounds fell in love with each other. However, they had to face several challenges that threaded their relationship and pushed them to the edge. In the end, they were able to overcome all the hurdles and they married each other with the permission of their respective families. This assignment will describe different conditions and challenges faced by Ian and Toula and their respective families. Micro factors Proximity According to the movie, Ian and Taula lived in the same state that is Chicago. They lived within a comfortable distance. Besides, Ians school was in the way of Toulas new office. Therefore, they could meet with each other frequently (Stabler). Immediate stimuli Toulas family belongs from a typical Greek culture. In spite of living in America, they never adopted the culture and living styles of the Americans. Their accent is also not like an American accent and it carries the Greek accent and pronunciation. The family of Toula used to live in a typical middle-class neighborhood. Their house was modeled after Parthenon which is the former temple on Athenian Acropolis (Egglezos). However, their appearances had no similarity with Greek culture. They used to wear normal American clothes. On the other hand, Ian belongs to a normal American family which is different from the Greek culture. The family of Toula strongly believed that womens best job is to get married and to raise kids. On the other hand, being from a normal American family, Ians thinking were much more advanced and realistic. Equity Ian and Toula did not have similar background. Ian was from a normal American family with different priorities. On the other hand, Toula belonged from a Greek family living in America but not ready to adopt American lifestyle. Toula's family was running a restaurant in Chicago and Ian was a teacher. Ian was dedicated to building his career with the support from his family. On the other hand, the family of Toula was not supportive at all. Her father believed that women are born to get married and to raise kids only. He did not allow Toula to join a normal school. Toula got admission in a Greek school where she was forced to learn Greek culture and history. Social support Ian, from the beginning had all the support he needed from his family. He got full support from his family when he took the decision of being baptized in a Greek church. Besides, his family also never declined Toula because of her Greek background. On the other hand, the family of Toula was a conservative family that believed that Greek culture is the most superior culture in the world. Therefore, they never allowed anyone who is not from a Greek background to come close to their family. That is why Ian had to receive baptism from a Greek church to marry Toula. Macro factors Group affiliation Toula belonged to a group which was her family. As her family was a very conservative family, she did not have any chance to develop a separate group of friends. On the hand, Ian also did not have many friends. He only had one friend who was his colleague at the school where he used to teach. Culture/Traditions Toula belonged from a typical Greek culture. On the other hand, Ian belonged from American culture. Greek society is a very religious society and 98% of their population belongs to the Greek Orthodox Church (Tziovas and Dmtrs). Most of their traditional celebrations are centered on sacramental services in the church. On the other hand, the United States being the third largest country in the world is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world. Nearly every religion of the world exists in American culture, as it is a country of immigrants. American culture is also influenced by Native Americans, Latin Americans, Africans and Asians. Availability Toula had her mother as her potential mate who helped her to join a new computer course that later helped Toula to get a new job. Ians potential mates where his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Miller. Form of relationship There are two forms of relationship which are exogamy relationship and endogamy relationship. Exogamy relationship means marrying outside a specific cultural group. On the other hand, endogamy relationship means marrying within a cultural group (Jan et al.). In the movie My fat Greek wedding the relationship of Ian and Toula was a mixture of exogamy and endogamy relationship forms. In the beginning, Toula belonged from Greek culture and Ian belonged from American culture. Therefore, their relationship was endogamy relationship. Later, Ian accepted baptism from a Greek Orthodox church and included himself in the historical Greek culture. From that moment, their relationship was turned into exogamy relationship. Reaction of the families Families of Ian and Toula belonged from different cultures and different backgrounds. Toula's family came from a typical Greek background and they had their culture and thinking. On the other hand, Ians family belonged from a normal and general American family that used to follow regular American culture and lifestyle. Therefore, both the families did not want that their son or daughter will marry someone who has a very different cultural background. Toula's mother told her to stop loving Ian and Ian parents did not like the behavior of the Toula's family after a get together which was a massacre. Their behavior pushed their relation to become stronger. Their bond became so strong that Ian decided to receive baptism. Interaction of the families At the time of getting together, Ian's family did not like the mannerism, behavior and cultural presentation of Toulas family. Besides, Toulas father did not like the cool and calm attitude of Ians parent (Bjork). He also mentioned that Ian's parents are "dry like bread." These things disturbed the relationship of Toula and Ian. However, they managed to overcome these pushes from their families and could manage to accept each other's cultures in the end. Learning outcomes From the movie, I learned that following a cultural background is a good thing. However, a person must not fully depend on his cultural background as it might hamper the lives of family members. The movie also taught me that in any culture or religion it is not good for holding back the women. In the movie, Toula did not get any permission from his father to live her life with freedom. As a result, she became depresses and started to think that she is good for nothing. From the movie, I also learned that love has no bounding. In spite of belonging from entirely different cultures, Toula and Ian managed to save their relationship, as they wanted to marry each other. Conclusion In the end, it is clear that holding to a culture while living in an entirely different country is not a good idea to a person and his family. Toula's father was determined that holding to the Greek culture will bring happiness to his family. However, the result was opposite as Toula could not make friends and could not lead her life like the one she wanted because of this. However, her life changed after she met Ian. She fall in love with Ian and together they overcame all the obstacles to marry each other. From the movie, it can also be concluded that love is the only medicine that can change anything and can help to overcome any hurdles. References Bjork, Eva Lambertsson, and Jutta Eschenbach. "Reel Life."Journal of Intercultural Communication36 (2014). Egglezos, D., et al. "Geotechnical issues of the Athenian Acropolis."Geotechnics and Heritage: Case Histories(2013): 13. Jan, Jie-Sheng, Ping-Yin Kuan, and Arlett Lomeli. "Social context, parental exogamy and Hakka language retention in Taiwan."Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development(2016): 1-11. Maxwell, Ian. "My Big Fat Greek Baptism."Performance and Temporalisation. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. 65-76. Stabler, Richard A., et al. "Macro and micro diversity of Clostridium difficile isolates from diverse sources and geographical locations."PLoS One7.3 (2012): e31559. Tziovas, Dmtrs.Re-imagining the Past: Antiquity and Modern Greek Culture. Oxford University Press, USA, 2014.