Austronesians

The Austronesians as Viewed by Peter Bellwood, Wilhelm Solheim II, and Zeus Salazar Prepared by Jezza Mae S. Dajac The term Austronesian contextu all in ally refers to a population convention array in Southeast Asia or Oceania who speaks, or had ancestors who spoke, one of the Austronesian languages. Apart from the Polynesian people of Oceania, the Austronesian people include chinawareese Aborigines, the majority heathen groups of East Timor, Indonesia and Malaysia. There had been several theories that posit the Austronesians as the origin of the Philippine population.Among the leading proponents of these ideas are Australian National University professor Peter Bellwood, American anthropologist and the virtually senior practitioner of archaeology in Southeast Asia Wilhelm Solheim II, and Filipino anthropologist Zeus Salazar. Their viewpoints are to be separately presented here. Bellwoods Austronesian Diffusion Theory/ Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) opening/ Mainland short letter Hypothes is Rather than believing that Austroloids were the ancestors of the Filipino race, Professor Bellwood argued that Austronesians were the roots of the population inhabiting most of the Asian territories today.His Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis is found largely on linguistics and is in the main derived from American linguistic Robert Blust model of Austronesian diffusion, lately kn have as the Blust model. Bellwood incorporated archaeological data to Blusts idea to arrive at his own theory. He posited that between 4500 BCE and 4000 BCE, developments in agricultural technology in theYunnan Plateauin Chinacreated pressures which drove certain people to migrate toTaiwan. This is what explains the term Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis.Bellwood also intrustd that these people either already had or began to develop a unique language of their own, which he referred to as Proto-Austronesian. By around 3000-3500 BCE, these groups started differentiating into three or four distinct sub nuances, and by 250 0 to 1500 BC, one of these groups began migrating southwards towards the Philippines andIndonesia, reaching as far asBorneoand theMoluccasby 1500 BCE, forming new cultural groupings and developing unique languages.He called all the languages formed outside Taiwan Malayo-Polynesian. Meanwhile, the language developed in the Philippines and Indonesia was then termed Western Malayo-Polynesian By 1500 BC, some of these groups started migrating west, rand they reached the Madagascararea around the maiden millennium. Still others migrated east, settling as far asEaster Islandby the mid-13th century.This widespread movement gave the Austronesian language group the distinction of being the most widely distributed language groups in the world at that time, in terms of the geographical span of the homelands of its languages. Bellwoods simplified theory about the origin of the Filipino race then, is that the people of the Philippines are the descendants of those cultures who remained on the Ph ilippine islands when others moved first southwards, then eastward and westward.Solheims Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Ne iirk (NMTCN) or the Island Origin Theory According to the anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim II I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that Austronesian is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language the phrase Austronesian speaking people should be used. This statement emphasized that the pioneers of the Austronesian-as-the-origin-of-Southeast Asians idea posits that the Austronesian is a group of languages rather that a group of people. Wilhelm Solheims concept of theNusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network(NMTCN), while not strictly a theory regarding the biological ancestors of ripe Southeast Asians, does suggest that the patterns of cultural diffusion throughout th e Asia-Pacific region are not what would be expected if such cultures were to be explained by simple migration.Where Bellwood based his analysis primarily on linguistic analysis, Solheims approach was based on artifact findings. On the basis of a careful analysis of artifacts such as improvement of traditional lithic chopper and chopping tools, he suggests the existence of a trade and communication network that first spread in the Asia-Pacific region during its neolithic age (and that which he referred to as the Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network).For his theory, he coined the term nusantao which means island people. He also presented a different pathway of movement of the Austronesians from that of Bellwoods model. According to Solheims NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration (or movement , as Bellwood cast it) proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis.Solheim consequently came up with four geographical divisions delineating the spread of the NMTCN over time, and he called these geographical divisions lobes. Specifically, these were the central, northern, eastern and western lobes. The central lobe was advertise divided into two smaller lobes reflecting phases of cultural spread the Early Central Lobe and the Late Central Lobe. Instead of Austronesian peoples originating from Taiwan, Solheim placed the origins of the early NMTCN peoples in the Early Central Lobe, which was in eastern coastal Vietnam, at around 9000 BC.He then suggests the spread of peoples around 5000 BC towards the late central lobe, including the Philippines, via island Southeast Asia, rather than from the north as the Taiwan theory suggests. Thus, from the Point of view of the Philippine peoples, the NMTCN is also referred to as theIsland Origin Theory. This late central lobe included Southern C hina and Taiwan, which became the area where Austronesian became the current language family andMalayo-Polynesian developed. In about 4000 to 3000 BC, these peoples continued spreading east through Northern Luzon to Micronesia to form the Early Eastern Lobe, carrying the Malayo-Polynesian languages with them. These languages would render part of the culture spread by the NMTCN in its expansions Malaysia and western towards Malaysia before 2000 BC, continuing alongcoastal Indiaand Sri Lanka up to the western coast of Africa andMadagascar and over time, march on eastward towards its easternmost borders at Easter Island.Thus, as in the case of Bellwoods theory, the Austronesian languages spread eastward and westward from the area around the Philippines. Aside from the affair of the origination of people, the difference between the two theories is that Bellwoods theory suggests a linear expansion, while Solheims NMTCN theory suggests something more akin to concentric circles, all ov erlapping in the geographical area of the late central lobe which includes the Philippines. Salazars View of the AustronesiansZeus Salazar, like Solheim, believed that the Austronesians carried with them their culture as they spread all over Southeast Asia. However, he further posited that there are gaps between the technological knowledge as demonstrated by the late development of technology in the middle regions of the country. These gaps, according to Salazar, were imputable to the prolonged stay of the Austronesians in coastal areas of the country before penetrating to the inner regions.Nevertheless, he admits that the Austronesians were the ones responsible for culminating a great part of the Philippine culture and civilization. He once stated, Ang pinakatiyak na migrasyon hanggang ngayon ay yaong tungo sa karagatan, ang pagsasaibayong-dagat ng mga Austronesyano, ang pinakamaagang ninuno ng mga Pilipino Silay nagdaan sa peninsula tungong Indonesia muna upang mapunta pagkatapos sa Pilipinas, sa Pasipiko, at sa Madagascar. - This statement of Salazar reflected his parallel ideas to that of Solheims. However, he is known to focus more on perusing linguistic aspects and evidences about the Austronesians diffusion, and he later found out that several Filipino words such as dalubhasa, balita, bahay, aso, niyog, araw, anito, karayom, mana, and apoy among others, were of Austronesian origin. -Setting by the fact that there are numerous theories about the origin of the Filipino race, with each one positing their own assumptions, it still cannot be denied that they collectively help in understanding and reconstructing our own history as they lead to further and more inquiry about our fragmented past. Whatever theory one may believe in, the important thing is that prejudices and biases are removed and instead, being scientific is employed in our search for a clearer and more solid view of the Philippine prehistory. 1 . Our Pacific Ocean, The Austronesian, http//w ww. ourpacificocean. com/austronesian_people/index. htm (October 2012) 2 . Claims have been made that Bellwood formulated his theory with K. C. Chang of Harvard University, specifically by M. C. Halili in the book Philippine History (ManilaRex Bookstore, Inc. , 2004) p. 40 3 . discipline Solheims Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006)p. 85 4 . Bellwood preferred using the term movement instead of migration. 5 . slang Solheims Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006) for further elaboration. 6 . Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages. (January 2006). 7 . See Salazars Kabihasnang Asyano Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 94 8 . See Solheims Archaeology and Culture in Southeast Asia Unraveling the Nusantao (Quezon City UP Press, 2006) p. 83 9 . Ibid. 10 . Ibid. 11 . Ibid. 12 . Zeus A. Salazar, Kabihasnang Asyano Isang Pangkasaysayang Introduksyon (1990) p. 99 13 . Zeus A. Salazar, Ang Kasaysayan, Diwa at Lawak (Quezon UP Press, 1974)